Psychoanalytical Study of A Streetcar Named Desire

Summary: An analysis of some of the many symbols found in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams, with the help of psychoanalytical theory. Williams expert use of these symbols helped him to convey the meaning of many characteristics of the protagonists in the play. It is very debatable nowadays how much psychology can influence an author or how much the authors psychological features can influence his work. The creation of a character demands different kinds of information and the most important part of this process happens when the psychological aspects of the character are put together to meet his life history up to that moment when the story is happening.When A Streetcar Named Desire is read by someone who knows something†¦show more content†¦The warm water reminds us of the warmth we felt in our mothers womb and this feeling gives everyone a sense of protection, tenderness and comfort.Also according to the psychoanalytical theory, people who are always bathing themselves are trying to clean something which is difficult to be cleaned. Something psychological rather than physical. Colours Blanche means white in French. White is the symbol of purity. She wears white at the beginning of the play when she arrives at her sisters house. She thinks that by wearing this colour she will be able to hide her impure behaviour. Blanche also prefers muted and muffled tones because she doesnt want to call too much attention on herself.Blue is the colour Blanche chooses to wear on her last day at Stanley and Stellas house. She mentions that she wants to die on the sea, and be buried at sea sewn up in a clean white sack. (...) into an ocean as blue as my first lovers eyes Stanley wears vivid colours to prove his physical manhood. His green and scarlet bowling shirt and his red honeymoon pyjamas are examples of it. Raw meat In the first scene of the play Stanley calls Stella to the front door of their apartment and throws at her a package of raw meat for her to catch and keep in the icebox. Stanley and Stella share a very sexual relationship and Stanley is depicted as being a primitive man. This scene tells us what kind of relationship Stanley and Stella have:Show MoreRelatedPsychoanalytical Study of A Streetcar Named Desire Essays2039 Words   |  9 Pagesuma introdu#231;#227;o by Terry Eagleton (1994), there is a chapter dedicated to psychoanalysis and I think that some of the topics referred to in that chapter need to be mentioned here before the most important symbols found in the play A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams are discussed. One of the ideas discussed by Eagleton is that if after coming across psychoanalysis for the first time you happen to like it, it will probably become a useful tool to help you understand literature

Summary Of Abraham LincolnsFraming Sustainability By...

In Framing Sustainability by David W. Orr took a historical known leader, Abraham Lincoln used him to show how he thinks sustainability should be approached. Lincoln had to deal with a very controversial topic as president, which was slavery, some people approved of it and others did not. Like sustainability some people believe that is not important while others do. David felt like in some sense both topics are controversial and have supporters and opposers that maybe if we approached the topic of sustainability gently Like Lincoln did with slavery that more people would be open minded and take into consideration that sustainability is truly important. Taking Lincolns approach and reaching out to all people and not limiting the discussion†¦show more content†¦Think about it, if something is constantly being told to a person it will stick with them, if there was more awareness on sustainability like big campaigns like you on Tabaco on tv more people would pay more attention. Also, not only having a clear message and attention of people but having a diverse audience is a very big key too. Having a diverse audience is always necessary; being able to have all people being able to relate the topic of discussion. To have a diverse audience one must have some relatable factors and or make sure they use language that is common and is not too vague. In the text â€Å"Lincoln built his case from sources familiar to his audience- the Declaration of Independence, the constitution, and bible† Lincoln referenced historical documents the Declaration of Independence granted the thirteen colonies freedom from Great Britain and the Constitution sets up the government and creates the three branches of government along with checks and balances. Then the bible is a religious book that Christians refer to and Christian was a popular religion the United States at the time and especially in the south considering that south was known as the â€Å"Bible Belt† so using the bible as a common factor to get people’s attention was a wise move but Lincoln did not make them the focus point. But dealing with sustainability what would be a common factor to

The Ethics of Micro Finance Free Essays

string(42) " in the position to benefit most from it\." Christopher Martin ‘Micro-finance programmes are aimed at reducing poverty. What ethical challenges are raised by the operation of micro-finance and which ethical theory can best be applied to assess how Grameen Bank addresses these challenges? ’ Introduction: The essay seeks to examine the ethical issues raised by the operation of microfinance. In the first section, an overview will be offered. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics of Micro Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the second section the ethical challenges posed by operation of micro-finance will be examined. In the third section, an overview of Grameen Bank will be given. Finally, in the fourth section, the ethical theories of Kant, Bentham and Aristotle will be applied to the ethical issues raised by the operation of Grameen Bank to see which theory best applies. 1. What is micro-finance? Conventional banks like we in the west know are not as widespread in the developing world. Even in places where there ‘mainstream’ banks do have operations, large numbers of people will not be in a position to utilise their services. Such people have been termed the ‘unbankable poor’. The World Bank estimates that there are 2. billion people (nearly 40% of world’s population) who do not have access to formal financial services. Microfinance has emerged in the last few decades in response to the needs of such people for savings and loans facilities. It is an alternative to them have to use the services of what are colloquially termed ‘loan sharks’, who charge high rates so high that borrowers struggle to pay off the princ ipal sum borrowed. Micro-finance is the provision of savings facilities and small value loans to typically to poor people in the Third World. Such people have a need for financial services, particularly as there is a lack of in rural areas where there is a lack of banking facilities. This makes it harder to makes deposits and so build up any sort of savings. For instance 1 †if you live in a straw hut in a village, finding a safe place to store savings is not easy. † People need sums for 2 â€Å"life-cycle events such as births, marriages emergency situations. † Stuart Rutherford in ‘The Poor and Their Money’ outlines the 3 â€Å" Three common ways of raising large sums i) selling assets they already own (or expect to, e. g. dvance sale of crops) ii) mortgaging or ‘pawning’ those assets. iii) finding a way of turning their finding a way of turning their small savings into large lump sums. It is important to note that there is not any ‘one-size fits all’ definition of poverty . Muhammed Yunnus asks the rhetorical question 4 â€Å"Who on the list below is poor and w ho is not: -a jobless person, -an illiterate person, -a homeless person, -a person who does not produce enough food to feed his or her family year round, -a person with a thatched house that lets in rain? -person suffering from malnutrition, -person who does not send his or her children to school? street vendor? Micro-finance may increase someone’s income but that may just be spent on everyday consumption and not on addressing any of the different facets of poverty on Yunnu’s list. For instance, using an increase in income to send a child to school. Savings The very poorest may be too risk averse to take out a loan as they may have an erratic income, for instance due to crop failure. Hence the need for savings. In micro-finance schemes there are two types of savings schemes: I) Locked in: not available for withdrawal until a member a customer left the bank. Used as loan collateral The use of this method was based on the 5 â€Å"Powerful perception tha that the ‘poor cannot save. † ii. Open-access savings which can, it is argued, 6 â€Å"generate much more net savings per client per year (and thus greater capital for the MFI) than compulsory, locked in savings schemes†¦ and provide a useful and well used facility for clients while doing so. † Fundamental to the repayment of micro-finance loans is the group dynamic principle. Peer pressure plays an important part in binding members together. Trust is built up and the commitment to repay is increased via mutually reinforcing behaviour. It can be described as a case of ‘one for all one and all for one’ in terms of repaying the loan. -However, there are potential problems as it depends on the co-operation of members. However, 7 â€Å"if it goes badly, then they are all in trouble. † A benefit of individual loans is that 8 â€Å"the lending institution knows who exactly is responsible for the repayment of the loan, and does not get lost in a maze of group members referring to or blaming one another. ’’ Section 2 ethical challenges Doubts have been cast on the overall utility of micro-finance programmes in reducing poverty. Some critics argue that 9 â€Å"that micro-finance programmes fail to reach the poorest, generally have a limited effect on income, address the symptom rather than the social cause of poverty†. The 10 â€Å"focus on income poverty† being reduced by 11 â€Å"the provision of credit for income-generation through self-employment. † Neglects to address the deep rooted causes of poverty such as lack of education and poor transport infrastructure. Micro-finance is concentrated on the ‘bankable poor’ as they are seen as more able to take advantage of a loan to e. g. buy more equipment and so 12 â€Å" can take more risk than the poorest households without threatening their minimum needs for survival. † It is ironic that a program aimed at reducing poverty excludes the very poorest from participating. However micro-finance programs obviously the motive of reducing poverty. There are 13 ‘’MF premised on the notion that credit is a human right it can improve the lives of the poorest . † But as the very poorest are excluded the application of credit as a ‘human right’ is not universal. If something is a ‘human right’ is supposed to apply to all humans. In this case it doesn’t so it would fail Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative†¦.. It could be argued that Yunnus is instead focussing micro-finance on those people who are in the position to benefit most from it. You read "The Ethics of Micro Finance" in category "Essay examples" 14 â€Å"Although Yunus frames his vision of MF in the language of human rights, his ideas are in fact concerned with entrepreneurial rather than redistribution. † Thus he is a social businessman rather than a philanthropist. Micro-finance institutions are self-sustaining businesses rather than charities and so 15 â€Å"poverty reduction becomes an externality and not a goal as such†. Thus Yunnus and others could be charged as potentially using borrowers as means rather than ends. Section 3 Grameen Bank Economics professor Muhammad Yunnus was motivated to set up Grameen after being disheartened at the level of poverty he witnessed in rural villages in his native Bangladesh in the early 1970’s. A catalysing experience was when he met 16 â€Å" Sufiya Begum, a woman from a village called Jobra. Like many others in her village, she relied on the local moneylender for the cash she needed to buy the bamboo for the stools she crafted. † That loan was only granted on the condition that she sold to him (the money lender) all of her output at a price determined by him. 17 â€Å" Thus, though hard working, she was trapped in poverty. † Furthermore the villagers were cut off from borrowing from 18 â€Å"conventional bankers since they had no credit histories and no collateral to offer, and could not even fill out the necessary paperwork because they were illiterate†. 1. Muhammed Yunnus’s was focused on providing the loans to the landless as he saw them as being more entrepreneurial than tradition bound farmers. He was very much of the view that micro-finance could help the poor to help themselves through becoming self reliant. Grameen means village in Bengali. Muhummad Yunnus wanted the bank to be the antithesis of a faceless bureaucratic bank headquarted in a large city (even though it is now). He aimed at recruiting banking staff who would build up an understanding of the everyday lives of villagers and the challenges they faced. This would make it easier to identify which people would benefit most. Crucially this helped to engender the building up of levels of trust between the borrowers in village who took out the collateral free and contract free loans. Vitally the development of the level of trust necessary to ensure repayment collateral free loans without any contract was the process of group dynamic in binding borrowers together with mutually reinforcing behaviour. What helped make the repayment process be manageable for borrowers was that loans were paid in small weekly instalments rather than one lump sum to worry about at the end of the loan period. )Application of ethical theory: Grameen Bank’s focus on borrowers becoming self reliant relates to them developing virtues of self reliance and not being burdensome to others. Yunnus argued 19 †On the recipient side, charity can have devastating effects. It robs the recipient of dignity, and it removes the incentive of having to generate inco me. It makes the recipient passive and satisfied with thinking ‘all I have to do is sit her with my hand out and I will earn a living† Instead, borrowers will developing a sense of ownership by coming 20 â€Å"With their own ideas† for business generation. In this respect Yunnus is treating borrowers as ends and not means as he leaving it up to them how they behave. The programme develops members sense of self-discipline of saving regularly as they had to 21 â€Å"save for several months before they were eligible for to borrow. The requirement to save first also results in an investment in the institution that will lend to them – thus the loans they receive are financed not just by an outside faceless agency, but also by their own savings and those of their friends and neighbours. The borrowers are much more likely to be committed and conscientious about repaying. ’. Yunnus challenges the assumptions on human nature made by conventional banking paradigms by issuing collateral free loans without any contracts. 22 â€Å"Grameen assumes that every borrower is basically honest. We may be accused of being naive, but it saves us having to fill in all those endless documents And in 99 per cent of the cases our trust turns out to be vindicated. Bad loans of 0. 5 per cent is the cost of doing business, and it also represents a constant reminder of what we need to improve in order to succeed. † Micro-finance proponents can’t be completely 3 â€Å" ethical claiming to reduce poverty while pursuing other objectives. This is particularly so because other people’s money is involved†. The intentions of institutions should be transparent, e. g. through a mission statement and should not be cloaked in language that hides agendas of e. g. making a profit for shareholders, by only stressing social objectives. 24 â€Å"Furthermore the imbalance of power between the lender and the borrower. † surely makes it harder for borrowers to pursue their own interests as they have to be reconciled with the banks financial interest. Within the framework of the ethics of Immanuel Kant, Professor Yunnus succeeds ethically as is acting from the altruistic motive of reducing poverty. Kant agreeed that 25 â€Å"to act from a good will is to act from duty. † Aristotle takes a stricter approach by arguing that acts are ethical if agents go beyond just doing so from a sense of duty. For instance, someone only went to visit an elderly relative out of a sense of duty, and not from any greater concern for the relatives welfare. Muhammad Yunnus’s focus on helping the poor maintain their sense of dignity by becoming more self reliant is consistent with Kant’s approach as Kant argues 26 â€Å"â€Å"Our free will is what gives us our dignity and unconditioned worth† This of course relates to Kant maintaining that people should be considered as ends in themselves rather than means to someone else’s end. Kant’s stress on the universality of ethical principles is relevant to the potential problem of people stopping viewing promises as binding. The group dynamic principle of micro-finance surely make the promises of members more binding as otherwise it would seem that if one person got away with not paying, then no one would and then the bank would not lend to them.. Additionally, as the borrowers and the bank are both benefitting so 27 †No one (is) used merely as a means in an voluntary economic exchange where both parties benefit. † Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill’s Utilitatarianism holds that the ethical utility of actions can be measured by the consequences. This approach is onsistent with the cost-benefit analysis adopted by contemporary businessses where the utility being measured is profit. In the case of Grameen Bank the utility can be measure by a) the rate of loan repayment According to Yunnus the default rate was only 28 â€Å"0. 5 per cent†. However, on the other hand many members of Grameen were unhappy with their savings being ‘lockked-in’ and 29 â€Å" were leaving the organisation in order to realise their (often substantial) compulsory savings. † Such members went on strike in 1995 to protest at being denied accesss to their savings. 30 â€Å"The financial consequences of the strike were profound. According to an unpublished Grameen Bank internal report (1996), in Tangail District the cumulative un-repaid amount had climbed to over $2 million. † More generally, in terms of consequences for members there have been benefits. The scheme has helped the majority to build up savings that could be used as capital. Additionally it the scheme has helped reduce income poverty 31 â€Å"Grameen bank members had incomes about 28 % higher than the target group of non-participants. † Act utilitarianism seems like the most appropriate branch of Utilitarianism to apply to Grameen bank and Muhammad Yunnus. An act is right’ if it maximises utility. A sort of moral s is used to calculate the long term benefits and harm for each actor and then compute the result. But there is the problem of time-framing how long a period eto consider. One is reminded of Keynes quote ‘in the long term we are all dead’. Act utilitarian’s consider themselves equally with others so are not egoist in just assessing whether an act maximises their own individual utility or well being. Yunnus does seem sincere in doing that and is aiming to benefit the members as opposed to just enriching himself. However on the other hand, Utilitarianism could be consistent with the Grameen member group dynamic process discussed earlier. Members realise that there will be bad consequences for them and their peers if they don’t follow the ‘rule’ of repaying’ and so are compelled to follow the rule. Robert Solomon, writing in ‘A companion to business ethics’ argues that 32 â€Å" â€Å"In business ethics it is generally agreed that three elements, the principles of an action, the action itself, and the action’s consequences must be taken into account. However there is another option†: virtue ethics. Grameen’s ethos of borrowers using using the loans to become self employed is connected to them developing the character traits consistent with the virtue of self reliance. Aristotle deemed behaviour a virtuous if is it was consistent with a 33 †mean between the extremes† of e. g. being dependent on someone else’s act of charity and being selfish. As the 34â€Å"Various virtues reinforce one another†, the principle can be applied to the Grameen member group dynamic of mutually reinforcing behaviour encouraging the repayment of the loan. In this case it is the non relative virtue of trustworthiness that is being reinforced. It could also be argued that different members are motivated by Aristotle’s 33 â€Å"Idea of practice- shared cooperative activity with mutually understood goals and ways of doing things. Conclusion Muhammad Yunnus set up Grameen bank with a good motive out of concern for the poor. Yes, this pure motive has been diluted by the pragmatic need for the bank to be financially self sustaining. For instance the previous use of locked in loans would be termed coercive by Kant, so in this aspect the borrowers are being treated as means. How the bank lets members come up with their own ideas for business generation is consistent with Kant’s belief on people’s free will that enables them to be rational and moral. Furthermore as both the bank and the borrowers are benefitting from this economic exchange, then the borrowers are not being treated as means and so this would pass Kant’s test of whether it is ethical. It is difficult to measure the individual benefits and downsides experienced by the individual members, thus making it a less effective ethical yardstick. However the high repayment rate does score well on the Utilitarian scale. But ultimately, Muhammad Yunnus is motivate by concern at the suffering of the rural poor. Crucially he wants to help them help themselves. One is reminded of Bob Geldof’s fishing rod analogy –better to give a man a fishing rod, than a fish. Yunnus and Grameen bank are thus actively promoting the virtue of self reliance. Additionally they are promoting the virtues of co-operation and trust via the group dynamic and by the fact the loans are collateral and contract free. Critics of Yunnus may have attacked him because he isn’t the perfect philanthropist. Rather, he is a socially responsible businessman. Bibliography Wright, Graham, ‘Micro-finance systems’ 2000, The University Press, Zed Books, London. Roy, Ananya, ‘Poverty Capital’ 2010, Routledge, Oxford. Activities that are unlikely to create indebtedness† Rutherford, Stuart, †The Poor and Their Money’, 2000, Oxford University Press, New Delhi Yunnus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), ‘Banker to the Poor’, 1999, Aurum Press, London Yunus, M, Moingen, B and Lehmann-Ortega, L, ‘Micro Finance- Building social business models: Lessons from the Grameen experiences’, article in ‘LONG RANGE PLANNING   Ã‚  Volume: 43   Ã‚  Issue: 2-3   Ã‚  Special Issue: Sp. Iss. SI   Ã‚  Pages: 308-325   Ã‚  Published: APR-JUN 2010 Rutherford, S, ‘The Poor and Their Money’ , 2000, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Frederick, R, ‘Companion to business ethics’, 2002, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford Vanroose, A, ‘Is microfinance an ethical way to provide financial services to the poor? Microfinance: Are its promises ethically justified? CEB Working Paper N ° 07/014 June 2007 References 1. Wright, G, Microfinance Systems, page 2 2â€Å" â€Å" page 1 3â€Å" â€Å" page 5 3. Yunnus, Banker to the poor, page 10 4. Wright, G, page 71 6. Wright, G, page 69 7. Wright, G, page 139 8 Wright, G, page 139 9. Wright, G, page 6 10. Wright, G, page 8 11. Wright, G, page 8 12. Wright, G, page 11 13. Roy, A, ‘Poverty Capital, page 13 14. Roy, A, page 23 15. Vanroose, A, CEB Working paper, page 11 16. Yunus, M, Moingen, B and Lehmann-Ortega, L, ‘Micro Finance- Building social business models: Lessons from the Grameen experiences’, Page 314 17. Ditto 18. Ditto 19. Yunnus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), ‘Banker to the Poor’, page 22 20. Yunnus, Banker to the poor, page 114 21. Wright, G, Microfinance systems, page 137 2. Yunnus, ‘Banker to the poor’, page 111 23 Vanroose, A, ‘Is microfinance an ethical way to provide financial services to the poor? , page 4 24. Ditto 25. Frederick, R, ‘Companion to Business Ethics, Chapter 1 by Solomon, R, page 3 26. â€Å" â€Å" page 4 27. Frederik, R, page 7 28. Yunnus, M, ‘Banker to the poor’ page 111 29. Wright, G, page 78 30. Wright, G page 78 31. Yunnus, Lehman-Ortega, page 12 32. Frederick, R, page 30 33. Frederick, R, page 30 34. Frederick,R page 32 How to cite The Ethics of Micro Finance, Essay examples

Social Responsibility in Marketing Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Responsibility in Marketing. Answer: Introduction Socially responsible marketingis an ethical framework which provides that a corporation or individual has a responsibility to act as per the benefit of society at large. According to Kotler and Keller (2015, p.629), it is amarketing philosophy that is undertaken by a company which ensures that the best interest of the community is present in the business structure. It is focused on the idea that the marketing policies of a firm should not only be profit-driven, but they should also include the social and ethical values which benefit the society and citizens. Modern organizations are larger than ever, and their operations affect a large section of society. Therefore, it is necessary that their marketing policies should include social responsibility principles that can assist the company fulfilling their obligation towards the development of society. This report will focus on the requirement of socially reasonable marketing in modern businesses, and it analyzes various types of SRM met hods. Further, the report will include a recommendation for Sri Lankas companies to improve their social responsibility marketing policies based on the book of Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller. Significance of Social Responsibility in Marketing Socially responsible marketing is a philosophy which concentrates on honesty, fairness, and obligation of a corporation towards the society. As per Jahdi and Acikdilli (2009), the companies have a responsibility to implement ethical policies in their marketing strategy to ensure proper development of the community. The SRM policies involve focusing efforts on the attraction of customers which enhances the operations and revenue of the business. The examples of social responsibilities include funding charities, using recyclable packaging and promotion of social awareness campaigns. Bhattacharya, Sen and Korschun (2008) sated that many corporations have adopted social responsibility in their marketing strategy to assist the development of a community or to improve the quality of products and services. For example, the marketing department may introduce a campaign which encourages customers to buy a bundle of socks and each such purchase the company will donate one pair of socks to the people who need it. As a result of such campaign, the company can increase its sales and at the same time fulfill its obligation towards society. The fulfillment of social responsibility in marketing assists in fulfillment of ethical and moral duties of the company and also sustains the development of the community. Characteristics of socially responsible marketing Using an effective SRM model can be beneficial for a corporation, individuals, and society; security of people is the primary benefit of SRM. According to Kotler and Keller (2015, p.631), the product or service of a corporation can be hazardous to the health of people, animals or the environment. Therefore, the company should provide correct advisories and warnings to ensure that peoples lives are safe while using hazardous products. Using SRM structure allow corporations to become honest with their customer; peoples trust in a company increases if the firm implements an effective SRM model (Armstrong et al., 2015). It also allows enterprises to maintain transparency into their operations since SRM model require them to provide information regarding their products such as ingredients used or process of manufacturing. The popularity of SRM models is increasing in developing countries such as Sri Lanka because it requires corporations to ethically price their products rather them take advantage of their monopoly position (Indounas, 2008). Along with numerous benefits, there are several limitations of using SRM model as well. The main limitation of SRM is that it shifts the focus of a corporation from its organisational activities to social welfare; the shifting of focus can reduce the financial performance of a firm. The shareholders did not prefer if the company focuses on social responsibilities rather than profit maximisation; it can lead to reduction in a number of investors (Bhattacharya, Korschun and Sen, 2009). The enterprises might improve their reputation through SRM model, but they lack competitive advantage in the market which results in decreased sales and profits. Although, there are several disadvantages, the benefits of SRM assist in the safety of individuals and society. It helps enterprises to fulfill their moral duties; therefore, modern firms should implement an effective SRM model. Types of SRM According to Aguinis and Glavas (2012), there are several types of marketing concepts which include in the definition of social responsibilities in marketing such as for social marketing, quality of life, socially responsible buying, societal marketing and environmental or green marketing. The environmental or green marketing ensures that the organization is fulfilling their responsibilities towards the protection of the environment; it includes using environment-friendly material and process for manufacturing. The societal marketing model focuses on customers demands, companys requirements, and societys interest while marketing a product; the corporations should not market a product or services which are against the interest of people, firm or society (Lindgreen and Swaen, 2010). Enlightened marketing provides that a corporations marketing policy should support the long-term performance of marketing system. This concept consists of five principles, i.e., innovative marketing, consumer-oriented marketing, value marketing, societal marketing and sense of mission marketing. The innovative marketing requires the company to improve their products; the consumer-oriented marketing concentres on the demand of customers. The value marketing focus on enhancing the value of products and sense of mission suggests that corporations should include a broader view of social policies (Carroll and Shabana, 2010). Socially Responsible Business Model There are numerous examples of socially responsible corporations which have implemented an efficient, ethical model into their organizational structure such as Twillory, Rainbow Light, Juntos, Gift of Happiness, Out of Africa, Coyuchi and many others. In Sri Lanka, the popularity of SRM has grown between organisations in past few years. Many corporations, such as Commercial Bank Sri Lanka and Diesel Motor Engineering PLC, have successfully implemented SRM policies to ensure they fulfill their corporate duties. Marketing is a primary activity of an organisation and popularity of the internet, and social media platforms have increased the marketing opportunities for companies. Many firms misuse marketing to mislead the public into buy or using their products which can be detrimental to their health. Therefore, the SRM principles ensure that corporation are not misusing marketing opportunities, and they are fulfilling their moral duties. To implement an efficient socially responsible business model, companies are required to continually monitor and alter their policies as per the market requirements (Hammann, Habisch, and Pechlaner, 2009). In Sri Lanka, the companies are taking advantage of growing internet users and implementing various SRM models such as email marketing, Facebook marketing, SMS marketing and other types of web advertisements (Tsai, Chou and Hsu, 2009). Cinnamon Air, a Sri Lankan domestic airline, is a good example of effective SRM model; the company ethically advertise their services and uses Facebook and Email marketing model to present them uniquely which motivates customers to use their services and provide them positive feedback (Cinnamon Air, 2017). Other good examples are Dialog Axiata, Sampath Bank, and Mobitel which has implemented Facebook marketing SRM model. Cause Related Marketing As per Ross, Stutts, and Patterson (2011), the cause-related marketing is a mutual collaboration between a company and non-profit organization to promote the former sales of products and latter cause. The term was first introduced by the American Express in 1983 to rise donating for the Statue of Liberty's restoration. Every time a member uses a card, American express pays one cent as a donation (Demetriou, Papasolomou and Vrontis, 2010). The non-profits organization can significantly benefit from the implementation of cause-related marketing. The partnership must be established after proper evaluation of the terms as it can pose a risk for both parties reputation. For example, a worthy cause cannot get the adequate support of public if it they see it as a crass commercialism. There are several good examples of effective implementation of cause-related marketing such as CauseGood and Selfish Giving. To find cause-related marketing opportunities, the non-profit corporations should expand their research beyond the traditional method of corporate giving decision such as corporate fundamentals or giving programs. The companies should try to contact the marketing department of well-reputed corporations to make collaboration with them in cause-related marketing. The large companies may partner with the smaller or less known charities based on the worthy cause. But, mostly the companies prefer to collaborate with large non-profit enterprises or foundations simply because it provides them more exposure in the market (Vanhamme et al., 2012). Social Marketing According to Lee and Kotler (2011), the social marketing primarily focuses on social good, on the other hand, the commercial marketing concentrate on financial goals. Although the commercial marketing is focused on raising revenue, it can also contribute to the achievement of a social cause. The social marketing is an approach which is used in the development of various activities which are aimed at modifying or marinating the behavior of peoples to provide benefit to the society and individuals. According to Kotler and Keller (2015, p.638), it combines the idea of commercial marketing and social science; the social marketing can be a considerably cost-effective tool to raise donation and archive organizational goals at the same time. A company can implement social marketing approach by analyzing their target audience and conducting a market research. The social marketing encourages people to participate in a good cause without performing any other specific actions. Example of Socially Responsible Marketing There are a significant number of cases of socially corporate marketing in Sri Lanka. The country is beginning to practice the principles of social responsibility by overall progress based on strategic partnerships. It is a new holistic sense of approach adopted by the firms which include ethical competitiveness, accountability, and moral purpose (Wittman and Caron, 2009). Traditionally in Sri Lanka, the role of businesses was to generate high revenue and maximise the value of shareholders. Modern corporations are considering the importance of responsibilities of a company towards the development of the society and individuals. The corporate social responsibility policies are adopted by firms which affect human resources, legal practices, marketing and branding functions and communication department. The separation between business and development is artificial, and the line has been blurred in previous few decades. The private sectors are largely implementing the responsible policie s because they understand the role in the growth of corporations and the country as a whole (Shoji et al., 2012). Many Sri Lankan organizations have effectively implemented socially responsible marketing model into their business structure such as John Keells, Hayleys, and Hemas. These corporations analyze their duties as corporate citizens and strategically perform their business functions to ensure that they contribute to the development of local communities and the country (Munasinghe and Malkumari, 2012). John Keells Holdings PLC started its operations in the 1870s, and it has become Sri Lankas largest listed conglomerate. The SRM activities of John Keells focus on environmental, economic and social performance; the company has implemented Global Reporting Initiative (GRI-G3) framework that engages with various stakeholders and seeks to meaningfully enrich their lives (Keells, 2017). The John Keells Foundation (JFK) and Plasticcycle Social Entrepreneurship are the projects initiated by the company to fulfill their corporate duties. The marketing initiatives of the company focus on providing a true picture of the corporations product and services and its CSR vision is to empower the country for tomorrow. The corporation has successfully implemented social media marketing strategy into their organization structure which they use to ethically market their products and interact with their customers to solve their queries (LBO, 2015). The company also has committed that one percent of their earning will be contributed to the welfare and development of local communities and the environment. Hayleys PLC is another Sri Lankan conglomerate organization which was founded in 1878 by Charles P. Hayley; the company is one of the best Sri Lankan corporate citizens since it has strongly integrated corporate duties into their business model. The corporation operates in 16 countries, and it has more than 28,000 employees; the company maintain diversity into their employees and support various environmental causes to ensure that they have a positive impact on the country (Hayleys, 2017). The corporation has hired more than 40 marketing professionals who ensure that firm fulfils its social responsibilities in marketing. Hemas Holding PLC is another good example; it is a Sri Lankan conglomerate which was founded in 1948. The firm implements social responsibility principles into their marketing strategy to provide necessary information to people through advertisements such as healthcare benefits, plans, medical requirements and others (Hemas, 2017). The company uses marketing policies to expand Hemas Outreach Foundation initiative in Sri Lanka which focuses on environment, child development, and healthcare benefits (Peattie and Peattie, 2009). Recommendations According to Kotler and Keller (2015, p.372), following recommendation should be implemented by the corporations and foundations to achieve higher results in social marketing: John Keells uses social media sites to engage with customers ethically, but the company should take advantage of their large position to collaborate with other reputable charities for marketing; it will assist in improving the brand image of the firm along with its sales. But, the corporation should not misuse their position to increases profit; instead, the focus should be on fulfilling social responsibilities. Hemas has successfully implemented SRM model, but they are required to establish a specific team for marketing which conducts market research and find potential associations to establish cause-related marketing; it will reduce the time taken in achieving social responsibilities. Hayleys and Hemas should also contribute their earning to Sri Lankas local communities development, like John Keells. It will increase the reputation of corporations, and they can use it into their marketing strategy to fulfill their social responsibilities. Conclusion In conclusion, the social responsibility marketing focuses on fulfilling the corporations role regarding the ethical duties towards the individuals and society. The characteristics of social marketing include safety, honesty, transparency, ethical pricing and respecting customers privacy. In Sri Lanka, there are multiple corporations and foundation which has established socially responsible marketing model into their business structure to fulfill their obligation towards society such as John Keells Groups, Chevron lubricants, and Child Empowerment international. 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